Background
Mental health concerns, including anxiety, tension, and depressive disorders, have a global impact on daily life. Our research suggests that these issues are more prevalent among university students than the general population, afflicting 5-70% of young adults and adolescents worldwide. The most prevalent concern among university students is anxiety, which is associated with the difficult transition into maturity. Mental health disorders affect 450 million individuals worldwide, affecting both developed and developing nations. Despite the advocacy of mental health care, individuals frequently experience stigma, social exclusion, and mistreatment.
In underdeveloped countries, such as Nigeria, mental illness is frequently attributed to supernatural causes, which results in mistreatment. Limited knowledge and misconceptions are the primary factors contributing to the stigma in Africa. According to research, higher education is associated with a more comprehensive comprehension and a more optimistic perspective on mental health. Nevertheless, socio-economic challenges, including poverty and displacement, exacerbate mental health issues in northern Nigeria.
Anxiety and depression are prevalent among young adults, frequently manifesting during puberty and further exacerbated by the stress of transitioning to university. Academic performance and social interactions can be adversely affected by poor mental health among students, which can result in study withdrawal and suicidal ideation. There is a lack of public awareness and comprehension of mental health issues in Nigeria, and mental health receives minimal attention.
The objective of the investigation was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the attitudes and knowledge of Nigerian university students regarding mental health issues. This investigation aims to ascertain their perspectives, with a particular emphasis on the stigma and stereotypes that are linked to individuals who are afflicted with mental disorders. Furthermore, the investigation examined the impact of various factors, including their socio-economic origin, educational attainment, and cultural convictions, on the knowledge and attitudes of students towards mental health.
Additionally, the study investigated the efficacy of potential interventions that were planned to enhance the comprehension and attitudes of Nigerian university students towards mental disorders. This entailed the assessment of current programmes and the development of novel strategies that could be implemented in university environments. The ultimate objective was to identify strategies for improving mental health literacy, reducing stigma, and cultivating a more supportive environment for students who are experiencing mental health challenges. The study aims to enhance the effectiveness of mental health education and intervention programmes for Nigerian university students by conducting a highly detailed investigation.
Synthesis of Findings
The synthesis of research findings exhaustively comprehends the intricate field of mental health knowledge and attitudes among Nigerian university students. Four recurring themes were identified: stigma encircling mental health, awareness and comprehension of mental health, perceptions of mental health requirements, and attitudes towards requesting mental health support.
Stigma Surrounding Mental Health
Negative attitudes towards individuals with mental health issues are prevalent among university healthcare students in Nigeria, which is characterised by mental health stigma. Participants emphasised the importance of educational and awareness initiatives, community involvement, and the integration of mental health education into curricula to combat stigma. The necessity of culturally sensitive remedies was underscored by the discovery that traditional intervention methods and cultural beliefs influence attitudes towards mental health.
Awareness and Understanding of Mental Health
Traditional medicinal practices and cultural beliefs frequently influenced students’ perspectives on mental health disorders. Participants emphasised the significance of confronting stigma and increasing mental health literacy, and they stressed the necessity of accessible mental health services and support networks within universities.
Perceptions of Mental Health Needs
Substantial obstacles, including social stigma, misconceptions, inadequate resource knowledge, and cultural and religious convictions impede the pursuit of professional assistance. Social support from family, colleagues, and trusted university members significantly influenced the reduction of stigma and the promotion of help-seeking.
Attitudes towards Seeking Mental Health Support
Some students are receptive to professional assistance, while others are not due to cultural beliefs, stigma, and limited knowledge. However, there are varied perceptions. Social support’s significance in mental health management was emphasised, and measures to support students through peer support initiatives were recommended.
Summary of the Findings
The primary findings suggest that, among Nigerian university students, there is a significant stigma associated with mental health, a lack of knowledge and comprehension of mental health issues, and conflicting attitudes towards requesting mental health support. Traditional therapeutic techniques, social norms, and cultural beliefs influence the persistence of stigma and the impediment of help-seeking behaviours.
Critical Issues
- Stigma and cultural beliefs: Cultural beliefs and stigma significantly influence the knowledge and attitudes of students towards mental health issues. Addressing these misconceptions and fostering greater awareness and support are imperative.
- Poor knowledge and guidance: Educational programmes and initiatives are necessary to enhance mental health literacy and dispel false beliefs and misunderstandings among university students.
References
Abdulmalik, J., Kola, L. and Gureje, O., (2016). Mental health system governance in Nigeria: challenges, opportunities and strategies for improvement. Global Mental Health, 3, p.e9.
Bamgbose, O.O., Pederson, A.B. and Okocha, A.A., (2023). A Qualitative Study Exploring University Health Care Students Perceptions on Methods to Reduce Mental Health Stigma in Nigeria. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, pp.1-23.
Bella, T., Omigbodun, O., Dogra, N. and Adeniyi, Y., (2012). Perceptions of mental illness among Nigerian adolescents: an exploratory analysis. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 5(2), pp.127-136.
Bilgel, N. and Bayram, N., (2014). The epidemiology of depression, anxiety, stress and anger in Turkish high school students. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 4(9), pp.1153-1170.
Choudhry, F.R., Mani, V., Ming, L.C. and Khan, T.M., (2016). Beliefs and perception about mental health issues: a meta-synthesis. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, pp.2807-2818.
Eboiyehi, F.A., (2017). Convicted without evidence: Elderly women and witchcraft accusations in contemporary Nigeria. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 18(4), pp.247-265.
Hernández-Torrano, D., Ibrayeva, L., Sparks, J., Lim, N., Clementi, A., Almukhambetova, A., Nurtayev, Y. and Muratkyzy, A., (2020). Mental health and well-being of university students: A bibliometric mapping of the literature. Frontiers in psychology, 11, p.1226.
Igboanusi, G.C., (2018). Understanding the Need for Clinical Mental Health Counseling in Nigerian Colleges and Universities: A Multiple Case Study (Doctoral dissertation, Graduate School).
Ishaku, U.G. and Matsumoto, M., (2018). Perceptions of barriers and support to mental health help-seeking among undergraduates in Nigeria: A qualitative study. Minutes of Nagoya University Graduate School of Educational Science and Technology. Psychological Science, (65) , pp.1-20.
Jidong, D.E., Bailey, D., Sodi, T., Gibson, L., Sawadogo, N., Ikhile, D., Musoke, D., Madhombiro, M. and Mbah, M., (2021). Nigerian cultural beliefs about mental health conditions and traditional healing: a qualitative study. The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, 16(4), pp.285-299.
Malinauskas, R., (2017). Psychological wellbeing and self-esteem in students across the transition between secondary school and university: A longitudinal study. Psihologija, 50(1), pp.21-36.
Miles, R., Rabin, L., Krishnan, A., Grandoit, E. and Kloskowski, K., (2020). Mental health literacy in a diverse sample of undergraduate students: demographic, psychological, and academic correlates. BMC public health, 20(1), pp.1-13.
Mofatteh, M., (2021). Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS public health, 8(1), p.36.
Oguntayo, R., Buhari, O.I.N., Oyeleke, J.T., Bolarinwa, O.A., Ogunmodede, A.J., Adegunloye, O.A., Ajokpaniovo, M., Adegoke, A.A. and Malomo, S.O., (2022). Understanding University Community’s Mental Health Needs and the Determinants of Wellbeing Sequala: A Qualitative Study. IFE Psychology: An International Journal, 30(2), pp.53-65.
Pederson, A.B., Burnett-Zeigler, I., Fokuo, J.K., Wisner, K.L., Zumpf, K. and Oshodi, Y., (2020). Mental health stigma among university health care students in Nigeria: a cross-sectional observational study. Pan African medical journal, 37(1).
Rajabzadeh, V., Burn, E., Sajun, S.Z., Suzuki, M., Bird, V.J. and Priebe, S., (2021). Understanding global mental health: a conceptual review. BMJ Global Health, 6(3), p.e004631.
Ramón-Arbués, E., Gea-Caballero, V., Granada-López, J.M., Juárez-Vela, R., Pellicer-García, B. and Antón-Solanas, I., (2020). The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their associated factors in college students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(19), p.7001.
Saluja, G., Iachan, R., Scheidt, P.C., Overpeck, M.D., Sun, W. and Giedd, J.N., (2004). Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 158(8), pp.760-765.
Uzobo, E. and Akhuetie, R., (2018). Food security and health challenges among internally displaced persons in Nigeria. Nigerian J Sociol Anthropol, 16(1), pp.47-71.
Xanthopoulou, P.D., Mbanu, J., Chevalier, A., Webber, M. and Giacco, D., (2022). Social isolation and psychosis: perspectives from people with psychosis, family caregivers and mental health professionals. Community mental health journal, 58(7), pp.1338-1345.
World Health Organisation (2022) Mental Health. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression. (Accessed 3 Nov 2023).