Economic and Social Impact of Drug Misuse among Nigerian Youth and Adolescents.

Introduction

Drug abuse, which includes the abuse of drugs, including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and opioids, has become a critical concern among Nigerian teenagers and adolescents. This tendency is very problematic because Nigeria has a population of over 200 million people, of whom more than 60% are teenagers and adolescents. Notably, cannabis and opiates like tramadol are the most often abused drugs in Nigeria, which has the highest drug consumption rate in Africa. Adolescent drug abuse in Nigeria has a substantial negative influence on people from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds as well as on society.

Definitions and Prevalence

Depending on the context and subject of study, “youth” and “adolescents” have different meanings. In this survey, Nigerians aged 11 to 24 are referred to as “youth” or “adolescents” interchangeably. Research suggests that 14% of Nigerian youth aged 10 to 19 are drug users. In Nigeria, drug abuse is a widespread problem in all regions. However, in urban areas, rates are often more significant than in rural ones because of things like better access to illicit substances and social pressure. Studies show that almost 20% of students in Lagos State’s secondary schools have experimented with drugs, underscoring the widespread use and impact on younger demographics.

Factors Influencing Drug Misuse

The high rates of substance misuse among Nigerian youths and adolescents are the result of a combination of factors:

Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Drug Misuse: Young individuals frequently engage in drug use as a result of their curiosity and the belief that drugs are instruments for experimentation. These perspectives are influenced by personal experiences and socio-spatial environments, with some individuals acknowledging both the risks and pleasurable benefits of substance use. Youths are additionally susceptible to substance misuse due to permissive drug cultures and parental involvement in drug use.

Health and Social Issues: The misuse of drugs results in severe health and social issues, such as addiction, increased morbidity and mortality, academic underperformance, and cognitive impairments. These issues affect individual opportunities, human capital, and economic growth. Furthermore, drug addicts may participate in illicit activities or join drug trafficking networks, which can increase crime and violence.

Sociocultural Context: Traditional practices and socio-cultural norms substantially impact substance misconduct. In rural areas, alcohol consumption is frequently associated with cultural traditions, whereas in urban areas, emotional challenges and peer pressure are significant factors. Personal meanings and social networks also influence drug use, as marginalised individuals use drugs to manage tension and daily challenges.

Economic Factors: The economic consequences of substance misconduct are significant. It results in a reduction in productivity, an increase in healthcare expenses, and the loss of human capital. The issue is further exacerbated by the financial instability, unemployment, and destitution that frequently accompany drug addiction.

Government and Community Interventions

Various interventions have been implemented to address substance misconduct among Nigerian youths and adolescents:

Law Enforcement and Regulation: The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) has been actively involved in securing illicit substances and arresting offenders. To combat drug trafficking, the organisation emphasises border patrol, rehabilitation, and awareness. Furthermore, the National Agency for Foods and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has prohibited the sale of codeine-containing syrups without a prescription. It has closed down the manufacturing of these products.

National Drug Control Master Plan (NDCMP): This governmental policy pertains to the production, cultivation, trafficking, and misuse of sophisticated drugs. Additionally, the Presidential Advisory Committee on Drug Eradication has been established to mitigate drug consumption using policy recommendations.

Community-Based Initiatives: Addressing grassroots drug use concerns necessitates community engagement. In developing context-specific interventions, engaging families, institutions, and local organisations in initiatives is imperative.

Summary of Findings

Several important insights into the economic and social consequences of substance misconduct among Nigerian juveniles and adolescents are revealed through the synthesis of data from various studies:

Socio-Cultural Influence: The likelihood of substance misuse among young people is substantially increased by a permissive drug culture and family involvement in drug use. Traditional practices and socio-spatial environments also play a critical role.

Health and Social Consequences: The misuse of drugs results in severe health issues, such as impaired cognitive function, addiction, and an increase in morbidity and mortality. It also affects academic performance, resulting in increased attrition rates and decreased economic development.
Urban vs. Rural Trends: The prevalence of drug misuse is higher in urban areas as a result of the increased influence of peers and the easier access to illicit substances. Conversely, rural regions are more susceptible to traditional practices and socio-cultural norms.
Gender Disparities: The patterns of substance use are significantly different between men and women. Males are inclined to favour champagne and powerful alcohol, while females are more likely to favour psychotropic medications.

Future Studies and Recommendations

The primary objective of future research should be to collect exhaustive and consistent data on the trends and outcomes of substance misuse among Nigerian juveniles and adolescents. To comprehend the long-term consequences of substance, use on both individuals and society, longitudinal studies are indispensable. Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies can provide a more profound comprehension of the matter. It is also essential to conduct gender-sensitive research to address the distinct characteristics and challenges that different genders encounter in the context of substance use. Furthermore, it is imperative to assess the influence of harm reduction and decriminalisation on drug use behaviours and outcomes by reviewing drug usage laws and policies. To address grassroots drug use concerns, it is recommended that community-based initiatives that involve families, schools, and local organisations be promoted. Finally, it is imperative to assess the efficacy of current policies and therapies in reducing substance misuse and its repercussions. This has the potential to facilitate the development of evidence-based solutions that will enhance the health and well-being of Nigerian youths and adolescents.

Conclusion

The study underscores the intricate nature of substance misconduct among Nigerian adolescents and juveniles. In the formation of substance use patterns, socio-cultural factors, health and social consequences, urban and rural trends, and gender disparities all play significant roles. To address these issues, stakeholders must engage in collaborative efforts, conduct ongoing research, and implement culturally appropriate and context-specific interventions. This will result in the development of more resilient and healthier communities. Effective strategies can be developed to reduce the impact of drug misuse on young individuals and society by comprehending the complexities of drug misuse.

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David Olanrewaju Akisanmi (BSc, MBA)

David Olanrewaju Akisanmi is a seasoned professional with over a decade of experience in market research, finance, and strategic management. He plays a pivotal role in driving informed decision-making, growth, and success for organizations navigating today’s complex market landscape.

David holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Olabisi Onabanjo University and a Master of Business Administration in Finance from Cardiff Metropolitan University. His academic background is complemented by his professional affiliations as an Associate Member of the Institute of Strategic Management, Nigeria, and as an Ambassador for Peace with the World Institute for Peace.

Throughout his career, David has successfully led marketing initiatives and provided strategic consulting across various industries. His notable roles include being a Marketing Manager at Shatoshen Nigeria Limited, where David developed and executed comprehensive marketing strategies that significantly boosted brand growth and enhanced customer engagement. Also, as a Chief Consultant at McBravo Consult International, David provided expert guidance on market research, helping businesses make data-driven decisions and achieve their strategic goals.

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Femi Fajolu

Femi Fajolu, the Deputy Chair for the Board of Directors at VertexE Hub, brings a wealth of legal expertise and strategic insight to our organization. As the Managing Partner at G.O. Sodipo & Co, he has an extensive background in Corporate and Commercial law, Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment law, and more.

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Jeremiah Unyime Etuk BSc (Hons)

A graduate of Information Technology and Business Information Systems from Middlesex University UK, Jeremiah has honed a diverse skill set that seamlessly bridges technology and business solutions. As a Level 3 Certified Anaplan Model Builder, he excels in leveraging this leading cloud-based (SaaS) business planning application to drive strategic insights and planning efficiency. His expertise lies in providing innovative IT solutions and constructing robust financial models, ensuring complex challenges are met with effective and efficient solutions through his analytical prowess and leadership.

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Micheal Falade (B.SC., MPH)

Michael Falade is an accomplished international development researcher, evaluation professional, and data analyst with over a decade of extensive experience working on various projects funded by the the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office and other international and local organizations. His expertise spans policy-centered issues and interventions, particularly focusing on public health, agriculture, and other social challenges, as well as the evaluation of development interventions.

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Fausiat Modupe Balogun

Fausiat Modupe Balogun is a distinguished professional with over a decade of expertise in public health, communications, and digital media. She holds a Master of Arts in Social Justice and Public Service from St Mary’s University, Twickenham, and a Master of Public Health from the University of Ibadan, complemented by a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology from Fountain University, Osogbo.

In her current role as a Project Support Officer at Kent and Medway NHS & Social Care Partnership Trust, Modupe excels in project management and strategic planning. Previously, as the Country Social Media Engagement Coordinator at Society for Family Health International, she led research and development initiatives, designed and implemented impactful social media campaigns, and contributed to projects for the Center for Johns Hopkins University, the Children Investment Fund Foundation, and UNICEF.

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Dr Leo Akin Odutola

Dr. Leo Odutola: A Visionary Artificial Intelligence (AI) Architect and Cloud Expert
Dr. Leo Odutola is a distinguished professional with a wealth of experience across various domains, including cloud technologies, enterprise architecture, big data, and system integration. As the Board Chair for Vertex E-Hub, he leads strategic initiatives aimed at transforming public health through innovative technology and data-driven insights.

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In summary, Dr. Leo Odutola’s extensive background, combined with his leadership role at Vertex E-Hub, positions him as an invaluable asset to any organization seeking to leverage advanced data and technology solutions for innovation and strategic success.

Ememobong Bob (B.SC)

Ememobong Bob is a distinguished graduate of Information Technology and Business Information Systems from Middlesex University. With a strong foundation in both technology and business, Ememobong is equipped with a comprehensive understanding of how these fields intersect and complement each other. This unique combination of skills positions her well for roles that require both technical expertise and business acumen.

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Fatimo Omolara Akinyandenu (HND)

Fatimo Omolara Akinyandenu is a dedicated and highly skilled accountant with a proven track record of meeting company goals through the utilization of international standards and organized practices. With a robust ability to adapt to fast-paced environments and tackle challenges, she consistently enhances organizational objectives. Her areas of expertise include accounting and tax management, business case management, invoicing, payment and payroll management, management accounting, contract negotiation and vendor management, corporate administration and management, documentation control and archiving, operation support services, account reconciliation, and staff onboarding and training.

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Before her role as an Account Executive, Fatimo served as an Assistant Accountant at Global Outdoor Systems in Lagos. She managed administration, filing, and recording, supported the sales and operations department, handled petty cash management and reconciliation, raised cheques and processed approvals, followed up with headquarters on cheque authorizations, processed petty cash journals, and ensured timely petty cash reimbursement.

Fatimo’s educational background includes a Higher National Diploma in Accountancy from Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Ogun State, Nigeria and an Ordinary National Diploma in Accountancy from Lagos City Polytechnic, Lagos State, Nigeria.

She holds several professional certificates, including a certificate in Human Resources Management from Classic Infotech Limited, affiliated with the Federal University of Technology, Akure, a diploma in Desktop Publishing from Data Computer College, Sango, Ogun State, and certifications in Cloudvisual software from Multisoft Consulting and Data and Business Intelligence Analysis from Advance Career, UK. She is also pursuing certification from the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN).

Philomina Ogechukwukanma Ojini (B.SC)

Philomina is a dynamic speaker and trainer passionate about empowering individuals and communities to achieve optimal well-being. With a strong foundation in computer science, which she earned a BSc in from Olabisi Onabanjo University, as well as extensive training in mental health (Levels 1-3) and environmental health and safety, she drives positive change in her current role at VertexE Hub. VertexE Hub is a research organization focused on improving public health through data-driven insights and innovative technology, where Philomina contributes as a professional speaker and trainer.

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Ekikere Smart (B.Sc., MPH)

Ekikere Smart is a public health consultant at VertexE Hub, dedicated to protecting public health and safety, delivering effective healthcare services, and adhering to the highest ethical standards. She seeks job satisfaction in a collaborative environment that offers growth opportunities, and she brings 15 years of extensive experience to VertexE Hub.

Ekikere holds a Master’s degree in Public Health (Field Epidemiology) from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Human Anatomy from the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.

Ekikere has undergone extensive training in areas such as data collection, peer education, advocacy, budget tracking, communication, supportive supervision, and various health campaigns. These trainings were conducted by renowned organizations including WHO, UNICEF, Pathfinder International, and DAI.

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Ekikere has served as a Data Consultant for DAI, working on the YPE4AH project funded by USAID. Her responsibilities included managing data collection, validation, and ensuring data quality for programmatic decision-making. She has also worked as a Data Consultant for the Population Council on the IntegratE project co-funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and MSD. Additionally, she has served as a State Surveyor for the World Health Organization and has experience as a Tutor in Human Anatomy at the School of Nursing and Midwifery in Gombe State, Nigeria.

Ekikere is the founder of ELSI, an NGO that significantly enhances general health outcomes for children, educates women and communities about health concerns, nutrition, and hygiene, and collects data for the assessment of the health concerns of the communities they serve.

Ekikere Smart’s extensive background in public health, coupled with her dedication to ethical practices and continuous professional development, makes her a valuable asset in the field of healthcare consultancy. Her commitment to improving public health outcomes through evidence-based practices and her passion for community health education underscore her contributions to VertexE Hub

Deborah Fajobi (Ph.D)

Deborah is a professional data analyst with a dedicated passion for transforming complex data into actionable insights. With ten years of experience in analyzing and interpreting data using various statistical methods, she provides new ideas and makes policy recommendations for industries across different sectors. Deborah holds a PhD and a Master of Technology in Agricultural Economics from the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology in Nigeria, where she also earned her Bachelor of Technology in Agricultural Economics and Extension.

Deborah is proficient in data extraction and manipulation, utilizing tools such as Microsoft Excel, SPSS, R, Eviews, and STATA for statistical modeling. She excels in advanced data visualization techniques using Tableau and Power BI. Her expertise includes regression analysis, clustering algorithms, time series forecasting, and sentiment analysis, which she employs to solve complex problems and extract valuable insights from large datasets. Deborah is committed to delivering high-quality analyses that contribute to organizational success.

In addition to her data analysis prowess, Deborah has significant experience in blended learning solutions, methodologies, and state-of-the-art Learning Management Systems (LMS). She integrates these skills to design and implement effective educational programs that combine traditional teaching methods with digital and online resources. This approach enhances learner engagement, personalizes learning experiences, and improves overall educational outcomes.

Beyond her role as a data analyst, Deborah is a passionate advocate for knowledge sharing and inspiring younger generations about data analysis. She frequently contributes to industry forums, conferences, and academic publications, sharing her insights on best practices in data-driven decision-making, the role of analytics in digital transformation, and strategies for harnessing the power of data to drive innovation and competitive advantage.

Deborah’s creative use of data analysis has significantly impacted both business success and social progress throughout her illustrious career. In the business realm, she has collaborated with various companies to develop data-driven strategies that optimize resource utilization, reduce operational risks, and enhance customer engagement. Her work has been pivotal in increasing sales, improving operational efficiency, and fostering a data-driven decision-making mindset, enabling businesses to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing market.

Deborah’s dedication to excellence and her innovative approach to data analysis continue to drive positive outcomes for organizations and communities alike. Her expertise in blended learning further underscores her commitment to advancing education through the integration of technology and traditional teaching methods, ensuring that learners are well-equipped for the challenges of the future.

Rebecca Onwumere (B.SC., MPH)

Rebecca Onwumere is an experienced and passionate health educator dedicated to improving human life, empowerment, mental health, healthcare management, and research. With a B.Sc. double honor in Health Education from the University of Maiduguri and a Master’s in Public Health from Teesside University in the UK, Rebecca has cultivated a strong academic and professional foundation in her field.

Rebecca’s professional journey includes her role as a Public Health Research Intern at Teesside University. During this time, she collaborated closely with a renowned lecturer and fellow research students to publish a journal on the barriers to accessing NHS Health Checks within BAME (Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic) communities.

She utilized research design frameworks to gather, analyze, and present results, ensuring timely research presentation and submission in weekly team meetings.

Currently serving as the Program Director at VertexeE Hub, Rebecca continues to lead initiatives that align with her passion for health and wellness. Her commitment to supporting vulnerable populations is evident in her work with the British Red Cross. In this role, she supported refugees, asylum seekers, and vulnerable immigrants in adjusting to life in a new country, offering advice on accessing services, providing emotional support, and assisting with life skills workshops.

Rebecca’s previous experience includes her tenure as a Health Educator at El-Shaddai Life Support Initiative. Here, she promoted individual and community health by educating women on healthcare services, reproductive health, and family health issues, while also providing informal counseling and social support. Additionally, she organized poverty alleviation programs, distributing relief items such as food and clothing to those in need.

Rebecca Onwumere’s comprehensive background and unwavering dedication to health education and support services position her as a valuable asset to VertexE Hub committed to improving community health and well-being.